Changeset 1425 for applications/doprava/texty
- Timestamp:
- 02/03/12 12:32:39 (13 years ago)
- Location:
- applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ
- Files:
-
- 10 modified
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applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/01_Intro/Intro.tex
r1419 r1425 1 1 \chapter{Úvod} 2 2 3 Účelem této práce je prozkoumat možné způsoby decentralizovaného řízení 4 dopravy, či metody s ústředním řídícim prvkem a jejich možnost decentralizace, 5 vybrat jednu vhodnou metodu pro řízení dvou křižovate v oplasti 6 Praha - Zličín, tuto metodu naimplementovat a otrestovat na simulátoru AIMSUN. 7 \\ 8 \\ 9 K decentralizovanému řízení bude použit tzv. multiagentní systém. 3 10 Multiagentní systémy jsou dnes rychle se rozvijející formou decentralizované 4 11 umělé inteligence a s úspěchem se aplikují na celou řadu problémů, kde 5 není možné použít centrální řízení a je zapotřebí komunikace, koordinace a spolupráce.\\ 6 12 není možné použít centrální řízení a je zapotřebí komunikace, koordinace a spolupráce. 13 \\ 14 \\ 7 15 V této práci si nejdříve definujeme základní pojmy, a poté se hlouběji 8 16 podíváme na problém interakce agentů. Popíšeme zde různé způsoby 9 výběru vhodných strategií za pomoci komunikace, teorie her a 10 modelování chování. Prozkoumáme některé způsoby učení agentů, 17 výběru vhodných strategií. Prozkoumáme některé způsoby učení agentů, 11 18 které pomáhají zlepšovat jejich reakce na neustále se měníci prostředí 12 a na chování ostatních.\\ 13 14 V další části prozkoumáme nasazení těchto metod k řízení dopravy a 15 zhodnotíme úspěch těchto aplikací. 19 a na chování ostatních. 20 \\ 21 \\ 22 Po výběru nejvhodnější metody ji modifikujeme do vhodné formy 23 pro naše účely, kde agent představuje řídící jednotku jedné signální skupiny 24 a ovládá nastavení délky cyklu, tedy periodu, za kterou se vystřídají všechny 25 fáze nastavení senaforů. Implementace bude provedena v jazyce C++ a s pomocí 26 knihoven BDM, VGS API a IT++. 27 \\ 28 \\ 29 Metoda bude testována pomocí mikrosimulátoru dopravy AIMSUN 30 a porovnávána se dvěma konstantními scénáři a se záznamem skutečné 31 dopravní situace modelované oblasti. Výsledky simulace, tedy výstupní data ze simulátoru, 32 budou zpracovány v prostředí MATLAB a pomocí jeho nadstavby VGS Toolbox, 33 kde porovnáme několik zkoumaných dopravních parametrů, jako je doba 34 průjezdu sítí, průměrná rychlost, počet zastavení a jiné. 16 35 17 36 18 37 38 -
applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/02_Agents/Agents.tex
r1419 r1425 3 3 \section{Úvod} 4 4 5 Multiagentní systém je druh distribuované umělé inteligence . Tento systém se skládá z6 jednotlivých výpočetních prvků, tzv. agentů, které musí mít dvě základní schopnosti.7 Zaprvé musí být schopni autonomní akce rozhodnutí - zjistit jak nejlépe dosáhnout 8 požadovaných cílů - a zadruhé je to schopnost interakce s ostatními agenty. V druhém případě nejde 9 jen o pouhou výměnu dat, ale o typ kolektivní aktivity - návrh, potvrzení, odmítnutí.5 Multiagentní systém je druh distribuované umělé inteligence, jehož základem je 6 agent - výpočetní prvek schopný autonomní reakce, komunikace a koordinace. 7 Každý agent je schopen vyhodnotit optimální chování v dané situaci, 8 které závisí i na akoci ostatních agentů. Ke sploupráci jednotlivých 9 agentů slouží různe metody vejednávání a predikce chování. 10 10 11 11 \subsection{Historie} … … 17 17 \subsection{Agent} 18 18 19 Neexistuje obecně uznávaná definice agenta. Přikloníme se k definici použité v publikaci 20 \cite{wooldridge} .19 Obecně uznávaná definice agenta neexistuje. Jedna z možných je uvedena například v publikaci 20 \cite{wooldridge}: 21 21 22 22 \begin{definition}[Agent]\label{de:agent01} … … 25 25 \end{definition} 26 26 27 28 Agent v naprosté většině případů nemá celkovou kontrolu nad prostředím. Prostředí může ovlivňovat29 jen částečně. Obecně je prostředí nedeterministické. Stejná akce provedená dvakrát za sebou30 nemusí vést ke stejnému výsledku.31 27 32 28 \section{Druhy prostředí} -
applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/04_Bayes/Bayes.tex
r1424 r1425 1 \subsection{Bayesovské učení} 1 \subsection{Bayesovské učení} \label{sec:bayes} 2 2 3 3 % \subsection{Úvod} -
applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/Results.tex
r1419 r1425 1 \chapter{Výsledky} -
applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/vyzk.aux
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applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/vyzk.tex
r1424 r1425 132 132 \input{LQ_rizeni.tex} 133 133 \input{Implementation/Implementation.tex} 134 \input{Results .tex}134 \input{Results/Results.tex} 135 135 \input{Ending.tex} 136 136 -
applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/vyzk.thm
r1424 r1425 1 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{2.{1}}{Agent}}{ 2}{definition.2.1}2 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{2.{2}}{Uspořádání na množině všech stavů}}{ 3}{definition.2.2}3 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{1}}{Dominance množiny}}{ 5}{definition.3.1}4 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{2}}{Množina výsledků}}{ 6}{definition.3.2}5 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{3}}{Dominance strategie}}{ 6}{definition.3.3}6 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{4}}{Nashova rovnost}}{ 6}{definition.3.4}7 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{5}}{Markovův rozhodovací proces}}{ 6}{definition.3.5}8 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{6}}{V-funkce}}{ 7}{definition.3.6}9 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{7}}{Q-function}}{ 7}{definition.3.7}10 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{8}}{Bellmanova rovnice optimality}}{ 8}{definition.3.8}11 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{9}}{MLM}}{ 9}{definition.3.9}12 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{10}}{Matice zisků}}{1 1}{definition.3.10}13 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{11}}{Rekursivní modelová struktura}}{1 2}{definition.3.11}14 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{12}}{Rekursivní model}}{1 2}{definition.3.12}15 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{13}}{Užitečnost}}{1 3}{definition.3.13}16 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{14}}{Podmíněná pravděpodobnost}}{1 4}{definition.3.14}17 \contentsline {proposition}{{Věta}{3.{1}}{Bayesova věta}}{1 4}{proposition.3.1}18 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{15}}{Věrohodnostní funkce}}{1 5}{definition.3.15}1 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{2.{1}}{Agent}}{3}{definition.2.1} 2 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{2.{2}}{Uspořádání na množině všech stavů}}{4}{definition.2.2} 3 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{1}}{Dominance množiny}}{6}{definition.3.1} 4 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{2}}{Množina výsledků}}{7}{definition.3.2} 5 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{3}}{Dominance strategie}}{7}{definition.3.3} 6 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{4}}{Nashova rovnost}}{7}{definition.3.4} 7 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{5}}{Markovův rozhodovací proces}}{7}{definition.3.5} 8 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{6}}{V-funkce}}{8}{definition.3.6} 9 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{7}}{Q-function}}{8}{definition.3.7} 10 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{8}}{Bellmanova rovnice optimality}}{9}{definition.3.8} 11 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{9}}{MLM}}{10}{definition.3.9} 12 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{10}}{Matice zisků}}{12}{definition.3.10} 13 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{11}}{Rekursivní modelová struktura}}{13}{definition.3.11} 14 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{12}}{Rekursivní model}}{13}{definition.3.12} 15 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{13}}{Užitečnost}}{14}{definition.3.13} 16 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{14}}{Podmíněná pravděpodobnost}}{15}{definition.3.14} 17 \contentsline {proposition}{{Věta}{3.{1}}{Bayesova věta}}{15}{proposition.3.1} 18 \contentsline {definition}{{Definice}{3.{15}}{Věrohodnostní funkce}}{16}{definition.3.15} -
applications/doprava/texty/novotny_vyzk_LQ/vyzk.toc
r1424 r1425 1 1 \select@language {czech} 2 2 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {1}\IeC {\'U}vod}{1}{chapter.1} 3 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Multiagentn\IeC {\'\i } syst\IeC {\'e}my}{2}{chapter.2} 4 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}\IeC {\'U}vod}{2}{section.2.1} 5 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.1}Historie}{2}{subsection.2.1.1} 6 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.2}Agent}{2}{subsection.2.1.2} 7 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Druhy prost\IeC {\v r}ed\IeC {\'\i }}{3}{section.2.2} 8 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Interakce agent\IeC {\r u}}{3}{section.2.3} 9 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Stavy prost\IeC {\v r}ed\IeC {\'\i } a preference agent\IeC {\r u}}{3}{subsection.2.3.1} 10 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}V\IeC {\'y}b\IeC {\v e}r strategie genta}{5}{chapter.3} 11 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}V\IeC {\'y}b\IeC {\v e}r strategie podle teorie her}{5}{section.3.1} 12 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Markov\IeC {\r u}v rozhodvac\IeC {\'\i } proces}{6}{section.3.2} 13 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.0.1}Dynamick\IeC {\'e} programov\IeC {\'a}n\IeC {\'\i }}{7}{subsubsection.3.2.0.1} 14 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Zp\IeC {\v e}tnovazebn\IeC {\'e} u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } (Reinforcement learning)}{8}{subsection.3.2.1} 15 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.1.1}Q-u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } (Q-learning)}{9}{subsubsection.3.2.1.1} 16 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}U\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } na z\IeC {\'a}klad\IeC {\v e} modelu (Model-based learning)}{9}{subsection.3.2.2} 17 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'\i } zp\IeC {\v e}tnovazebn\IeC {\'e}ho u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i }}{10}{subsection.3.2.3} 18 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.1}Zp\IeC {\v e}tnovazebn\IeC {\'e} u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } na z\IeC {\'a}klad\IeC {\v e} modelu}{10}{subsubsection.3.2.3.1} 19 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.4}Zhodnocen\IeC {\'\i }}{10}{subsection.3.2.4} 20 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}RMM - Rekurzivn\IeC {\'\i } modelov\IeC {\'e} metody}{11}{section.3.3} 21 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Form\IeC {\'a}ln\IeC {\'\i } definice}{11}{subsection.3.3.1} 22 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Rozhodovac\IeC {\'\i } algoritmus}{13}{subsection.3.3.2} 23 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.3}Bayesovsk\IeC {\'e} u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i }}{14}{subsection.3.3.3} 24 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.3.1}V\IeC {\v e}rohodnostn\IeC {\'\i } funkce}{15}{subsubsection.3.3.3.1} 25 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.4}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'\i } RMM a Bayesova u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } v decentralizovan\IeC {\'e}m \IeC {\v r}\IeC {\'\i }zen\IeC {\'\i } dopravy}{15}{subsection.3.3.4} 26 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.5}Zhodnocen\IeC {\'\i }}{17}{subsection.3.3.5} 27 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}LQ \IeC {\v r}\IeC {\'\i }zen\IeC {\'\i }}{17}{section.3.4} 28 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'\i } LQ \IeC {\v r}\IeC {\'\i }zen\IeC {\'\i } ve strategii TUC}{18}{subsection.3.4.1} 29 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.1.1}Kvadratick\IeC {\'e} krit\IeC {\'e}rium}{20}{subsubsection.3.4.1.1} 30 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Implementace}{21}{chapter.4} 31 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'a} metoda}{23}{section.4.1} 32 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}P\IeC {\v r}echodov\IeC {\'e} vztahy}{23}{subsection.4.1.1} 33 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Minimalizace krit\IeC {\'e}ria}{24}{subsection.4.1.2} 34 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.2.1}Implementace minimalizace}{26}{subsubsection.4.1.2.1} 35 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Simulace}{27}{section.4.2} 36 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.0.2}VGS API}{28}{subsubsection.4.2.0.2} 37 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}\IeC {\v R}adi\IeC {\v c}e}{29}{subsection.4.2.1} 38 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Oblast simulace}{29}{subsection.4.2.2} 39 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Popis algoritmu}{30}{section.4.3} 40 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}V\IeC {\'y}sledky}{31}{chapter.5} 41 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Z\IeC {\'a}v\IeC {\v e}r}{32}{chapter.6} 42 \contentsline {chapter}{Literatura}{34}{chapter*.7} 3 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {2}Multiagentn\IeC {\'\i } syst\IeC {\'e}my}{3}{chapter.2} 4 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.1}\IeC {\'U}vod}{3}{section.2.1} 5 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.1}Historie}{3}{subsection.2.1.1} 6 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.1.2}Agent}{3}{subsection.2.1.2} 7 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.2}Druhy prost\IeC {\v r}ed\IeC {\'\i }}{4}{section.2.2} 8 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {2.3}Interakce agent\IeC {\r u}}{4}{section.2.3} 9 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {2.3.1}Stavy prost\IeC {\v r}ed\IeC {\'\i } a preference agent\IeC {\r u}}{4}{subsection.2.3.1} 10 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {3}V\IeC {\'y}b\IeC {\v e}r strategie genta}{6}{chapter.3} 11 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.1}V\IeC {\'y}b\IeC {\v e}r strategie podle teorie her}{6}{section.3.1} 12 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.2}Markov\IeC {\r u}v rozhodvac\IeC {\'\i } proces}{7}{section.3.2} 13 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.0.1}Dynamick\IeC {\'e} programov\IeC {\'a}n\IeC {\'\i }}{8}{subsubsection.3.2.0.1} 14 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.1}Zp\IeC {\v e}tnovazebn\IeC {\'e} u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } (Reinforcement learning)}{9}{subsection.3.2.1} 15 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.1.1}Q-u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } (Q-learning)}{10}{subsubsection.3.2.1.1} 16 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.2}U\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } na z\IeC {\'a}klad\IeC {\v e} modelu (Model-based learning)}{10}{subsection.3.2.2} 17 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.3}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'\i } zp\IeC {\v e}tnovazebn\IeC {\'e}ho u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i }}{11}{subsection.3.2.3} 18 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.2.3.1}Zp\IeC {\v e}tnovazebn\IeC {\'e} u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } na z\IeC {\'a}klad\IeC {\v e} modelu}{11}{subsubsection.3.2.3.1} 19 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.2.4}Zhodnocen\IeC {\'\i }}{11}{subsection.3.2.4} 20 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.3}RMM - Rekurzivn\IeC {\'\i } modelov\IeC {\'e} metody}{12}{section.3.3} 21 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.1}Form\IeC {\'a}ln\IeC {\'\i } definice}{12}{subsection.3.3.1} 22 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.2}Rozhodovac\IeC {\'\i } algoritmus}{14}{subsection.3.3.2} 23 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.3}Bayesovsk\IeC {\'e} u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i }}{15}{subsection.3.3.3} 24 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.3.3.1}V\IeC {\v e}rohodnostn\IeC {\'\i } funkce}{16}{subsubsection.3.3.3.1} 25 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.4}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'\i } RMM a Bayesova u\IeC {\v c}en\IeC {\'\i } v decentralizovan\IeC {\'e}m \IeC {\v r}\IeC {\'\i }zen\IeC {\'\i } dopravy}{16}{subsection.3.3.4} 26 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.3.5}Zhodnocen\IeC {\'\i }}{18}{subsection.3.3.5} 27 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {3.4}LQ \IeC {\v r}\IeC {\'\i }zen\IeC {\'\i }}{18}{section.3.4} 28 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {3.4.1}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'\i } LQ \IeC {\v r}\IeC {\'\i }zen\IeC {\'\i } ve strategii TUC}{19}{subsection.3.4.1} 29 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {3.4.1.1}Kvadratick\IeC {\'e} krit\IeC {\'e}rium}{21}{subsubsection.3.4.1.1} 30 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {4}Implementace}{22}{chapter.4} 31 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.1}Pou\IeC {\v z}it\IeC {\'a} metoda}{24}{section.4.1} 32 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.1}P\IeC {\v r}echodov\IeC {\'e} vztahy}{24}{subsection.4.1.1} 33 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.1.2}Minimalizace krit\IeC {\'e}ria}{25}{subsection.4.1.2} 34 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.1.2.1}Implementace minimalizace}{27}{subsubsection.4.1.2.1} 35 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.2}Simulace}{28}{section.4.2} 36 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.2.0.2}VGS API}{29}{subsubsection.4.2.0.2} 37 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.1}\IeC {\v R}adi\IeC {\v c}e}{30}{subsection.4.2.1} 38 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.2.2}Oblast simulace}{30}{subsection.4.2.2} 39 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.3}Popis algoritmu}{31}{section.4.3} 40 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {4.4}Mo\IeC {\v z}n\IeC {\'e} vylep\IeC {\v s}en\IeC {\'\i } do budoucna}{32}{section.4.4} 41 \contentsline {subsubsection}{\numberline {4.4.0.1}Model toku}{32}{subsubsection.4.4.0.1} 42 \contentsline {subsection}{\numberline {4.4.1}Odhdad odbo\IeC {\v c}ovac\IeC {\'\i }ch pom\IeC {\v e}r\IeC {\r u}}{32}{subsection.4.4.1} 43 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {5}V\IeC {\'y}sledky}{34}{chapter.5} 44 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.1}Sc\IeC {\'e}n\IeC {\'a}\IeC {\v r} 1}{34}{section.5.1} 45 \contentsline {section}{\numberline {5.2}Sc\IeC {\'e}n\IeC {\'a}\IeC {\v r} 2}{37}{section.5.2} 46 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {6}Z\IeC {\'a}v\IeC {\v e}r}{38}{chapter.6} 47 \contentsline {chapter}{Literatura}{40}{chapter*.11} 43 48 \contentsline {chapter}{\numberline {A}P\IeC {\v r}\IeC {\'\i }loha 1}{I}{appendix.A}